• Provides in-depth treatment of procedural problems of causation
• Includes reported controversies such as the battle of Bendectin
• Discusses decisions that have sought to balance federal regulations with law theories of recovery

Focuses on the theories of liability that private plaintiffs may rely upon to recover for environmental or toxic harms. Presents special procedural problems of causation posed by Environmental and Toxic Torts. Addresses special harms that often relate to seeking recovery for future, but as yet unrealized, consequences of their exposure to toxic substances. Regards the role of state and federal statutes and regulations in private tort actions, including discussion of express and implied preemption and the Supreme Court decisions. Discusses proposals for reform of the tort system.