Preface
The title of this text has been changed from Transport Processes and Unit Operations to Transport Processes and
Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit Operations). This was done because the term "unit operations"
has been largely superseded by the term "separation processes," which better reflects the modern nomenclature
being used.
In this fourth edition, the main objectives and the format of the third edition remain the same. The sections on
momentum transfer have been greatly expanded, especially the sections on fluidized beds, flow meters, mixing, and
non-Newtonian fluids. Material has been added to the chapters on mass transfer. The chapters on absorption, distillation,
and liquid-liquid extraction have also been enlarged. More new material has been added to the sections on ion exchange
and crystallization. The chapter on membrane separation processes has been greatly expanded, especially for gas-membrane
theory.
The field of chemical engineering involved with physical and physical-chemical changes of inorganic and organic
materials and, to some extent, biological materials is overlapping more and more with the other process-engineering
fields of ceramic engineering, process metallurgy, agricultural food engineering, wastewater-treatment (civil)
engineering, and bioengineering. The principles of momentum, heat, and mass transport and the separation processes
are widely used in these processing fields.
The principles of momentum transfer and heat transfer have been taught to all engineers. The study of mass transfer
has been limited primarily to chemical engineers. However, engineers in other fields have become more interested
in mass transfer in gases, liquids, and solids.
Since chemical and other engineering students must study so many topics today, a more unified introduction to the
transport processes of momentum, heat, and mass transfer and to the applications of separation processes is provided.
In this text the principles of the transport processes are covered first, and then the separation processes (unit
operations). To accomplish this, the text is divided into two main parts.
PART 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass
This part, dealing with fundamental principles, includes the following chapters: 1. Introduction to Engineering
Principles and Units; 2. Principles of Momentum Transfer and Overall Balances; 3. Principles of Momentum Transfer
and Applications; 4. Principles of Steady-State Heat Transfer; 5. Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer; 6.
Principles of Mass Transfer; and 7. Principles of Unsteady-State and Convective Mass Transfer.
PART 2: Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit Operations)
This part, dealing with applications, covers the following separation processes: 8. Evaporation; 9. Drying of Process
Materials; 10. Stage and Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation
In Chapter 1 elementary principles of mathematical and graphical methods, laws of chemistry and physics, material
balances, and heat balances are reviewed. Many readers, especially chemical engineers, may be familiar with most
of these principles and may omit all or parts of this chapter.
A few topics, primarily those concerned with the processing of biological materials, may be omitted at the discretion
of the reader or instructor; these include Sections 5.5, 6.4, 8.7, 9.11, and 9.12. Over 240 example or sample problems
and over 550 homework problems on all topics are included in the text. Some of the homework problems involve biological
systems, for those readers who are especially interested in that area.
This text may be used for a course of study following any of the following five suggested plans. In all plans,
Chapter 1 may or may not be included.
1. Study of transport processes of momentum, heat, and mass and separation processes. In this plan, most of the
entire text, covering the principles of the transport processes in Part 1 and the separation processes in Part
2, is covered. This plan would be applicable primarily to chemical engineering as well as to other process-engineering
fields in a one-and-one-half-year course of study at the junior and/or senior level.
2. Study of transport processes of momentum, heat, and mass and selected separation processes. Only the elementary
sections of Part 1 (the principles chapters--2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) are covered, plus selected separation-processes
topics in Part 2 applicable to a particular field, in a two-semester or three-quarter course. Students in environmental
engineering, food process engineering, and process metallurgy could follow this plan.
3. Study of transport processes of momentum, heat, and mass. The purpose of this plan in a two-quarter or two-semester
course is to obtain a basic understanding of the transport processes of momentum, heat, and mass transfer. This
involves studying sections of the principles chapters--2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 in Part 1--and omitting Part 2, the
applied chapters on separation processes.
4. Study of separations processes. If the reader has had courses in the transport processes of momentum, heat,
and mass, Chapters 2-7 can be omitted and only the separation processes chapters in Part 2 studied in a one-semester
or two-quarter course. This plan could be used by chemical and certain other engineers.
5. Study of mass transfer. For those such as chemical or mechanical engineers who have had momentum and heat transfer,
or those who desire only a background in mass transfer in a one-quarter or one-semester course, Chapters 6, 7,
and 10 would be covered. Chapters 9, 11, 12, and 13 might be covered optionally, depending on the needs of the
reader.
Different schools and instructors differ on the use of computers in engineering courses. All of the equations and
homework problems in this text can be solved by using ordinary hand-held computers. However, more complicated problems
involving numerical integration, finite-difference calculations, steady- and unsteady-state two-dimensional diffusion
and conduction, and so on, can easily be solved with a computer using spreadsheets. Almost all undergraduate students
are proficient in their use.
The SI (Systeme International d'Unites) system of units has been adopted by the scientific community. Because of
this, the SI system of units has been adopted in this text for use in the equations, example problems, and homework
problems. However, the most important equations derived in the text are also given in a dual set of units, SI and
English, when different. Many example and homework problems are also given using English units.
Christie John Geankoplis
Summary
Appropriate for one-year transport phenomena (also called transport processes) and separation processes course.
First semester covers fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer; second semester covers separation process principles
(includes unit operations).
The title of this Fourth Edition has been changed from Transport Processes and Unit Operations to Transport Processes
and Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit Operations). This was done because the term Unit Operations has
been largely superseded by the term Separation Processes which better reflects the present modern nomenclature
being used. The main objectives and the format of the Fourth Edition remain the same. The sections on momentum
transfer have been greatly expanded, especially in the sections on fluidized beds, flow meters, mixing, and non-Newtonian
fluids. Material has been added to the chapter on mass transfer. The chapters on absorption, distillation, and
liquid-liquid extraction have also been enlarged. More new material has been added to the sections on ion exchange
and crystallization. The chapter on membrane separation processes has been greatly expanded especially for gas-membrane
theory.
Features :
NEW--More unified introduction to the transport processes of momentum, heat, and mass transfer and to the applications
of separation processes.
Enables the student who must study so many topics today to better understand their interrelationships.
NEW--Expanded sections on momentum transfer--Especially in the sections on fluidized beds and non-Newtonian
fluids.
Presents topics that are especially important in the chemical engineering field.
NEW--Material has been added to the chapters on mass transfer.
Allows a fundamental understanding of the theory of separation processes.
NEW--Chapters on absorption, distillation, and liquid-liquid extraction have been enlarged.
Exposes the student to the newer applications in these separation processes.
NEW--Membrane separation processes chapter has been greatly expanded especially for gas-membrane theory.
Gives the student knowledge in these newly expanding membrane processes.
Fundamental principles and theory of momentum, heat, and mass transfer and emphasizes their diverse applications
in separation processes.
Allows the student to better develop a better foundation for understanding the separation processes.
Features more than 240 example problems and over 550 homework problems--Includes expanded chapter on membrane
separation processes and expanded sections in momentum transfer as well as an expanded section on absorption.
Table of Contents
Preface
I. TRANSPORT PROCESSES: MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND MASS
1. Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units
Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations)
SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems
Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions
Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure
Conservation of Mass and Material Balances
Energy and Heat Units
Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances
Numerical Methods for Integration
2. Principles of Momentum Transfer and Overall Balances
Introduction
Fluid Statics
General Molecular Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer
Viscosity of Fluids
Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number
Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation
Overall Energy Balance
Overall Momentum Balance
Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow
Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Compressible Flow of Gases
3. Principles of Momentum Transfer and Applications
Flow Past Immersed Objects and Packed and Fluidized Beds
Measurement of Flow of Fluids
Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment
Agitation and Mixing of Fluids and Power Requirements
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Differential Equations of Continuity
Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion
Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion
Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion
Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence
Dimensional Analysis in Momentum Transfer
4. Principles of Steady-State Heat Transfer
Introduction and Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction Through Solids in Series
Steady-State Conduction and Shape Factors
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes
Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection
Natural Convection Heat Transfer
Boiling and Condensation
Heat Exchangers
Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer
Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles
Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients
Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer
Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions
5. Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer
Derivation of Basic Equation
Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance
Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries
Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction
Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials
Differential Equation of Energy Change
Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer
6. Principles of Mass Transfer
Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion
Molecular Diffusion in Gases
Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Molecular Diffusion in Biological Solutions and Gels
Molecular Diffusion in Solids
Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions
7. Principles of Unsteady-State and Convective Mass Transfer
Unsteady-State Diffusion
Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients
Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries
Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles
Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction
Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries
Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion
Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer
Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Mass Transfer
II. SEPARATION PROCESS PRINCIPLES (INCLUDES UNIT OPERATIONS)
8. Evaporation
Introduction
Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods
Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators
Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators
Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators
Condensers for Evaporators
Evaporation of Biological Materials
Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression
9. Drying of Process Materials
Introduction and Methods of Drying
Equipment for Drying
Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity
Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials
Rate-of-Drying Curves
Calculation Methods for Constant-Rate Drying Period
Calculation Methods for Falling-Rate Drying Period
Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in Constant-Rate Period
Drying in Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow
Equations for Various Types of Dryers
Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials
Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials
10. Stage and Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes
Types of Separation Processes and Methods
Equilibrium Relations Between Phases
Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages
Mass Transfer Between Phases
Continuous Humidification Processes
Absorption in Plate and Packed Towers
Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers
Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers
Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption
11. Vapor-Liquid Separation Processes
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Relations
Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for Vapor-Liquid System
Simple Distillation Methods
Distillation with Reflux and McCabe-Thiele Method
Distillation and Absorption Efficiencies for Tray and Packed Towers
Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration Method
Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures
12. Liquid-Liquid and Fluid-Solid Separation Processes
Introduction to Adsorption Processes
Batch Adsorption
Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns
Ion-Exchange Processes
Single-Stage Liquid-Liquid Extraction Processes
Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction
Introduction and Equipment for Liquid-Solid Leaching
Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching
Countercurrent Multistage Leaching
Introduction and Equipment for Crystallization
Crystallization Theory
13. Membrane Separation Processes
Introduction and Types of Membrane Separation Processes
Liquid Permeation Membrane Processes or Dialysis
Gas Permeation Membrane Processes
Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes
Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures
Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes
Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation for Membranes
Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes
Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes
Applications, Equipment, and Models for Reverse Osmosis
Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes
Microfiltration Membrane Processes
14. Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes
Introduction and Classification of Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes
Filtration in Solid-Liquid Separation
Settling and Sedimentation in Particle-Fluid Separation
Centrifugal Separation Processes
Mechanical Size Reduction
Appendices
Appendix A.1
Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors
Appendix A.2
Physical Properties of Water
Appendix A.3
Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
Appendix A.4
Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials
Appendix A.5
Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens
Notation
Index
