Konrad B. Krauskopf was born and raised in Madison, Wisconsin and earned a B.S. in chemistry from University
of Wisconsin in 1931. He then earned a Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of California in Berkeley. When the
Great Depression made jobs in chemistry scarce, Professor Krauskopf decided to study geology, which had long fascinated
him. Through additional graduate work at Stanford University, he earned a second Ph.D. and eventually a position
on the Stanford faculty. He remained at Stanford until his retirement in 1976. During his tenure, Professor Krauskopf
also worked at various times with the U.S. Geological Survey, served with the U.S. army in occupied Japan, and
traveled to Norway, France, and Germany on sabbatical leaves. His research interests included field work on granites
and metamorphic rocks and laboratory study on applications of chemistry to geologic problems, especially the formation
of ore deposits. In recent years, Professor Krauskopf had spent time working with various government agencies on
the problem of radioactive waste disposal.
McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers,
and interests of readers worldwide
Summary
This is an outstanding text with a long history that has been updated and given a fresh look, including worked
examples pulled out of the text into numbered boxes. Aimed at presenting the essentials of physics, chemistry,
earth science, and astronomy in a clear, easy-to-understand way, The Physical Universe shows students how science
works, how scientists approach problems, and why science constantly evolves in its search for understanding. The
text can also be packaged with its long time companion student study guide, which includes a review of chapter
terms and concepts; self quizzing for extra practice; and solved problems from the text.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Preface xii
The Scientific Method 1
How Scientists Study Nature 2
The Scientific Method 2
Why Science Is Successful 5
The Solar System 8
A Survey of the Sky 8
The Ptolemaic System 10
The Copernican System 12
Kepler's Laws 14
Why Copernicus Was Right 16
Universal Gravitation 18
What Is Gravity? 18
Why the Earth Is Round 20
The Tides 21
The Discovery of Neptune 23
How Many of What 24
The SI System 24
Important Terms and Ideas 27
Multiple Choice 28
Exercises 29
Motion 31
Describing Motion 32
Speed 32
Vectors 35
Acceleration 36
Distance, Time, and Acceleration 38
Acceleration of Gravity 40
Free Fall 40
Air Resistance 44
Force and Motion 46
First Law of Motion 46
Mass 47
Second Law of Motion 48
Mass and Weight 51
Third Law of Motion 52
Gravitation 54
Circular Motion 54
Newton's Law of Gravity 56
Artificial Satellites 58
Important Terms and Ideas 62
Important Formulas 62
Multiple Choice 62
Exercises 65
Energy 71
Work 72
The Meaning of Work 72
Power 75
Energy 76
Kinetic Energy 76
Potential Energy 79
Energy Transformations 81
Conservation of Energy 83
The Nature of Heat 83
Momentum 84
Linear Momentum 85
Rockets 88
Angular Momentum 88
Relativity 90
Special Relativity 91
Rest Energy 92
General Relativity 95
Energy and Civilization 97
The Energy Problem 97
The Future 100
Important Terms and Ideas 104
Important Formulas 104
Multiple Choice 105
Exercises 107
Matter and Heat 111
Temperature and Heat 112
Temperature 112
Heat 115
Metabolic Energy 117
Fluids 119
Density 119
Pressure 120
Buoyancy 123
The Gas Laws 126
Kinetic Theory of Matter 130
Kinetic Theory of Gases 131
Molecular Motion and Temperature 132
Changes of State 134
Liquids and Solids 134
Evaporation and Boiling 135
Melting 137
Energy Transformations 140
Heat Engines 140
Thermodynamics 142
Fate of The Universe 145
Entropy 145
Important Terms and Ideas 147
Important Formulas 148
Multiple Choice 148
Exercises 151
Electricity and Magnetism 157
Electric Charge 158
Positive and Negative Charge 158
What Is Charge? 160
Coulomb's Law 162
Force on an Uncharged Object 164
Electricity and Matter 165
Matter in Bulk 165
Conductors and Insulators 166
Superconductivity 168
Electric Current 169
The Ampere 169
Potential Difference 171
Ohm's Law 174
Electric Power 175
Magnetism 178
Magnets 179
Magnetic Field 180
Oersted's Experiment 181
Electromagnets 184
Using Magnetism 185
Magnetic Force on a Current 185
Electric Motors 187
Electromagnetic Induction 188
Transformers 191
Important Terms and Ideas 193
Important Formulas 194
Multiple Choice 194
Exercises 197
Wave 201
Wave Motion 202
Water Waves 202
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 203
Describing Waves 204
Standing Waves 207
Sound Waves 208
Sound 208
Doppler Effect 210
Musical Sounds 211
Electromagnetic Waves 214
Electromagnetic Waves 214
Types of EM Waves 216
Light "Rays" 219
Wave Behavior 219
Reflection 219
Refraction 220
Lenses 224
The Eye 228
Color 231
Interference 234
Diffraction 237
Important Terms and Ideas 239
Important Formulas 240
Multiple Choice 240
Exercises 243
The Nucleus 247
Atom and Nucleus 248
Rutherford Model of the Atom 248
Nuclear Structure 250
Radioactivity 252
Radioactive Decay 253
Half-Life 256
Radiation Hazards 257
Nuclear Energy 259
Units of Mass and Energy 259
Binding Energy 260
Binding Energy per Nucleon 262
Fission and Fusion 263
Nuclear Fission 263
How a Reactor Works 266
Plutonium 267
A Nuclear World? 267
Nuclear Fusion 271
Elementary Particles 274
Antiparticles 274
Fundamental Interactions 276
Leptons and Hadrons 279
A Physicist at Work Timothy C. Miller 280
Important Terms and Ideas 282
Multiple Choice 282
Exercises 284
The Atom 287
Quantum Theory of Light 288
Photoelectric Effect 288
Photons 289
What Is Light? 292
X-Rays 293
Matter Waves 295
De Broglie Waves 295
Waves of What? 297
Uncertainty Principle 298
The Hydrogen Atom 300
Atomic Spectra 300
The Bohr Model 302
Electron Waves and Orbits 305
The Laser 306
Quantum Theory of the Atom 310
Quantum Mechanics 310
Quantum Numbers 311
Exclusion Principle 313
Important Terms and Ideas 314
Important Formulas 314
Multiple Choice 315
Exercises 317
The Periodic Law 321
Elements and Compounds 322
Chemical Change 322
Three Classes of Matter 323
The Atomic Theory 326
The Periodic Law 328
Metals and Nonmetals 328
Chemical Activity 329
Families of Elements 330
The Periodic Table 332
Groups and Periods 335
Atomic Structure 337
Shells and Subshells 337
Explaining the Periodic Table 338
Chemical Bonds 341
Types of Bond 341
Covalent Bonding 342
Ionic Bonding 344
Ionic Compounds 345
Atom Groups 346
Naming Compounds 347
Chemical Equations 348
Important Terms and Ideas 350
Multiple Choice 351
Exercises 353
Crystals, Ions, and Solutions 357
Solids 358
Ionic and Covalent Crystals 359
The Metallic Bond 361
Molecular Crystals 363
Solutions 366
Solubility 366
Polar and Nonpolar Liquids 369
Ions in Solution 371
Evidence for Dissociation 373
Water 374
Water Pollution 378
Acids and Bases 381
Acids 381
Strong and Weak Acids 382
Bases 383
The pH Scale 384
Salts 385
Important Terms and Ideas 387
Multiple Choice 387
Exercises 390
Chemical Reactions 393
Quantitative Chemistry 394
Phlogiston 394
Oxygen 397
The Mole 399
Formula Units 400
Chemical Energy 402
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 403
Chemical Energy and Stability 405
Activation Energy 406
Fuels 407
Liquid Fuels 407
Gas Fuels 410
Solid Fuels 413
Reaction Rates 416
Temperature and Reaction Rates 416
Other Factors 417
A Chemist at Work Judith M. Iriarte-Gross 418
Chemical Equilibrium 420
Altering an Equilibrium 421
Oxidation and Reduction 422
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 422
Electrochemical Cells 425
Important Terms and Ideas 428
Multiple Choice 428
Exercises 431
Organic Chemistry 435
Carbon Compounds 436
Carbon Bonds 436
Alkanes 437
Petroleum Products 438
Structures of Organic Molecules 442
Structural Formulas 442
Isomers 443
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 444
Benzene 446
Organic Compounds 447
Hydrocarbon Groups 447
Functional Groups 448
Polymers 452
Chemistry of Life 457
Carbohydrates 457
Photosynthesis 460
Lipids 461
Proteins 462
Soil Nitrogen 463
Nucleic Acids 466
Origin of Life 468
Important Terms and Ideas 470
Multiple Choice 471
Exercises 473
Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 475
The Atmosphere 476
Regions of the Atmosphere 476
Atmospheric Moisture 480
Clouds 481
Weather 484
Atmospheric Energy 485
The Seasons 488
Winds 489
General Circulation of the Atmosphere 491
Middle-Latitude Weather Systems 494
Climate 500
Tropical Climates 500
Middle-Latitude Climates 502
Climate Change 503
Origins of Climate Change 506
The Hydrosphere 510
Ocean Basins 510
Ocean Currents 513
Important Terms and Ideas 515
Multiple Choice 516
Exercises 518
The Rock Cycle 521
Rocks 522
Composition of the Crust 522
Minerals 524
Igneous Rocks 526
Sedimentary Rocks 528
Metamorphic Rocks 530
Within the Earth 531
Earthquakes 532
A Geophysicist at Work Andrea Donnellan 535
Structure of the Earth 536
The Earth's Interior 540
Geomagnetism 541
Erosion 542
Weathering 543
Stream Erosion 545
Glaciers 546
Groundwater 549
Sedimentation 550
Vulcanism 554
Volcanoes 554
Intrusive Rocks 558
The Rock Cycle 560
Important Terms and Ideas 561
Multiple Choice 561
Exercises 564
The Evolving Earth 567
Tectonic Movement 568
Types of Deformation 568
Mountain Building 570
Continental Drift 571
Plate Tectonics 575
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere 575
The Ocean Floors 576
Ocean-Floor Spreading 577
Plate Tectonics 579
Methods of Historical Geology 588
Principle of Uniform Change 588
Rock Formations 591
Radiometric Dating 592
Fossils 594
Geologic Time 596
Earth History 597
Precambrian Time 599
The Paleozoic Era 600
Coal and Petroleum 602
The Mesozoic Era 604
The Cenozoic Era 608
Human History 610
Important Terms and Ideas 613
Multiple Choice 614
Exercises 616
The Family of the Sun 620
The Solar System 621
Comets 622
Meteors 626
The Inner Planets 629
Mercury 629
Venus 630
Mars 633
Is There Life on Mars? 637
Asteroids 639
The Outer Planets 643
Jupiter 643
Saturn 646
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and More 649
The Moon 653
Phases of the Moon 653
Eclipses 655
The Lunar Surface 657
Evolution of the Lunar Landscape 660
Origin of the Moon 661
Important Terms and Ideas 662
Multiple Choice 663
Exercises 665
The Stars 667
Tools of Astronomy 668
The Telescope 668
The Spectrometer 670
Spectrum Analysis 671
The Sun 673
Properties of the Sun 673
The Aurora 675
Sunspots 677
Solar Energy 679
The Stars 682
Stellar Distances 682
Variable Stars 683
Stellar Motions 685
Stellar Properties 685
Life Histories of the Stars 686
H-R Diagram 687
Stellar Evolution 689
Supernovas 692
Pulsars 693
Black Holes 694
Important Terms and Ideas 696
Multiple Choice 697
Exercises 699
The Universe 701
Galaxies 702
The Milky Way 702
Stellar Populations 705
Radio Astronomy 706
Galaxies 708
Cosmic Rays 711
The Expanding Universe 712
Red Shifts 712
Quasars 715
Evolution of the Universe 716
Dating the Universe 716
An Astronomer at Work Wendy Freedman 718
After the Big Bang 719
Origin of the Solar System 723
Extraterrestrial Life 725
Extrasolar Planets 725
Interstellar Travel 727
Interstellar Communication 728
Important Terms and Ideas 730
Multiple Choice 730
Exercises 733
Math Refresher A-1
The Elements A-12
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-13
Glossary A-31
Photo Credits C-1
Index I-1
